杂交水稻制种提高结实率的研究

杂交水稻制种不同于水稻栽培、其结实由柱头外露结实和非柱头外露结实两部分构成；空壳中90％以上是由于没有授粉受精造成的：90％以上的受精拉都能正常发育结实。柱头外露率和受精率与结实率呈显著正相关。后期施肥、父本大龄秧和机械授粉能有效地提高柱头外露率、花遇优度和结实率及制种产量。     

一对等位基因互作控制的核雄性不育性

通过遗传工程能够产生由两个基因共同作用而形成的雄性不育。一个可以是能够导致雄性不育的基因,另一个可以是该雄性不育基因的活化基因,它们共同存在的时候表现雄性不育。利用位点特异性重组和转基因技术能够将这两个基因安排在植物同源染色体的相同位置上表达,成为等位基因,而获得分别只具有其中一个基因的两转基因系。它们之间杂交,F1中两个基因同时存在,F1产生雄性不育而成为不育系。常规品系与此F1不育系杂交,在杂种植株中,这两个基因不能同时存在,所有植株育性恢复。利用光温敏核不育性,化学杀雄和人工去雄可解决此不育系繁殖问题。该雄性不育性利用方式优越,育种简便易行,能够满足对最佳组合选育的要求,且能够定向培育目标杂交组合。     

显性核不育油菜圆叶纯合两型系Gd1AB的选育

采用杂交、兄妹交和自交等育种手段，育成园叶显性纯合两型系Gd1AB。利用该两型系与花叶临保系进行全不育系制种，圆叶可作为苗期育性的指示性状，能有效地区别纯合两型系内可育株迟拔或漏拔而产生的杂株，从而提高全不育系的纯度。     

Data Collection Based on Web Services

To construct data warehouse with heterogeneous, self-governing and distributed database system is a challenge. Two problems have to be solved: one is how to collect data from heterogeneous data sources by an effective method, the other is how to clear up and change the format of the data collected from data sources. The opening and the interact-operation property of Web Services is Analyzed. A Data Collection System based on Web Services, which communicates with heterogeneous data sources with SOAP and HTTP, has been designed. A Data Collector is introduced to clear up and to transform data with composition technology. The pivotal XML technology of transforming and loading up the data are discussed.     

对两个玉米雄性不育系的细胞质分类研究

本文从普通遗传学、植物病理学和分子生物学的水平对玉米雄花不育系—元徐cms—小黄和恩二激cms—大黄进行了综合性的分类研究。大田的育性反应表明，这两个不育系的育性恢复受一对显性基因控制。对花粉染色的观察发现F1可育花粉与败育花粉基本上呈1：1分离。用小斑病T小种接种，这两个不育系不表现专化感染。通过mtDNA的分析     

Development of new sources of cytoplasmic male-sterile lines in rice

Two male-sterile lines, KalashreeA and PadminiA, with a Miz.21 cytoplasm source were developed through indica/indica hybridization followed by repeated backcrossing with their respective recurrent male parents (Kalashree and Padmini) up to the BC₆ generation. These two cytoplasmic male-sterile lines are suitable for use in the development of hybrids for lowland situations owing to their intermediate to semi-tall stature, late flowering duration, good grain quality and easy fertility restoration ability.     

Some remarks on carrot breeding (Daucus carota sativus Hoffm.)

Carrot breeding in the past 150 years has resulted in varieties with high yield, a short growing period, and excellent root colour. Recently, hybrid varieties have demonstrated good uniformity of roots, a quality accepted by most consumers. By contrast, only a few resistant varieties (mainly open-pollinated varieties) are offered by seed companies, most being resistant to Alternaria. Hybrid breeding offers a chance of combining good uniformity and different sources of resistance. Efforts in future breeding should concentrate on the improvement of health and the development of genotypes suitable for cultivation in suboptimal climates and regions, as well as for special applications.     

Effect of cytoplasmic male-sterility in sorghum on host plant interaction with sorghum midge,Contarinia sorghicola

Summary Sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola Coq. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is one of the most important pests of grain sorghum worldwide. We studied the reaction of midge-resistant and midge-susceptible genic-cytoplasmic male-sterile (A-lines) and their maintainers (B-lines), and the effect of resistant and susceptible restorers on sorghum midge. Midge damage and adult emergence were significantly lower on the B-lines of midge-resistant genotypes (PM 7061 and PM 7068) than their corresponding A-lines, while the reverse was true for the midge-susceptible genotypes (296A and ICSA 42). Differences in midge damage and the number of midges emerged were not significant between the midge-resistant and midge-susceptible A-lines when infested without pollination (except midge emergence on PM 7061A). Pollination with a midge-resistant restorer (DJ6541) reduced midge emergence significantly in one of two seasons. Source of pollen did not influence midge emergence on the highly-resistant A-line, PM 7061A. The implications of these observations in the development of midge-resistant hybrids were discussed.     

Discovery of new male-sterile cytoplasm sources and development of a new cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterile line NJCMS3A in soybean

Most of the cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterile (CMS) lines of soybean were developed only from a limited cytoplasm sources and performed not as good as required in hybrid seed production, therefore, to explore new male-sterile cytoplasm sources should be one of the effective ways to improve the pollination and hybridization for a better pod-set in utilization of heterosis of soybeans. In the present study, total 80 crosses between 70 cultivated and annual wild soybean accessions and three maintainers (N2899, N21249, and N23998) of NJCMS1A were made for detecting potential new sources with male-sterile cytoplasm. The results showed that in addition to the crosses with N8855.1 (the cytoplasm donor parent of NJCMS1A) and its derived line NG99-893 as cytoplasm parent, there appeared three crosses, including N21566 × N21249 and N23168 × N21249, with male-sterile plants in their progenies. According to the male fertility performance of backcrosses and reciprocal crosses with the tester N21249, the landrace N21566 and annual wild soybean accession N23168 were further confirmed to have male-sterile cytoplasm. Accordingly, it was understood that the source with male-sterile cytoplasm in soybean gene pool might be not occasional. The results also showed that the genetic system of male sterility of the newly found cytoplasm source N21566 was different from the old cytoplasm source N8855.1, while N23168 was to be further studied. Based on the above results, the derived male-sterile plants from [(N21566 × N21249) F₁ × N21249] BC₁F₁ were back-crossed with the recurrent parent N21249 for five successive times, and a new CMS line and its maintainer line, designated as NJCMS3A and NJCMS3B, respectively, were obtained. NJCMS3A had normal female fertility and stable male sterility. Its microspore abortion was mainly at middle uninucleate stage, earlier than that of NJCMS1A and NJCMS2A. The male fertility of F₁s between NJCMS3A and 20 pollen parents showed that 7 accessions could restore its male fertility and other 13 could maintain its male sterility. The male sterility of NJCMS3A and its restoration were controlled by one pair of gametophyte male-sterile gene according to male fertility segregation of crosses between NJCMS3A and three restorers. The nuclear gene(s) of male sterility in NJCMS3A appeared different from the previously reported CMS lines, NJCMS1A and NJCMS2A. The development of NJCMS3A demonstrated the feasibility to discover new CMS system through choosing maintainers with suitable nuclear background.     

Radiation-Induced Nullisomy in Hordeum vulgare L.

A plant with drastically reduced vigour was observed in a population of diploid barley (Hordeum vulgare) raised from seeds exposed to gamma radiation. Cytological studies revealed that the plant was nullisomic with 2n = 12. At meiosis, regular formation of 6 bivalents was observed. The plant was totally sterile and produced neither stainable pollen nor seed.